Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Off-chain networks that support transactions outside of the blockchain can handle large numbers of transactions and relieve the pressure on on-chain storage, showing great potential in mitigating scalability challenges of blockchain. However, since off-chain networks are still in the early stage of development, how to ensure off-chain data security, off-chain trust, off-chain transaction privacy and efficiency has become an important challenge. Against this background, this article provides a comprehensive review on off-chain networks. We first introduce the background, including design motivations, overview, and application scenarios. We then propose key issues related to off-chain networks. After that, we introduce off-chain technologies, including security and privacy based technologies, intelligent off-chain networking and routing technologies, off-chain edge computing technologies, and off-chain transaction scheduling technologies. Subsequently, we summarize mainstream solutions for corresponding key issues and provide learned lessons. Finally, we discuss some research challenges and open issues.
Source: ACM Computing Surveys
DOI: 10.1145/3735124
Language: English
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: bronze
OpenAlex ID: W4410211330