Gutman, Sombor, and Harmonic Indices of Unit Graphs in The Integer Ring Modulo with A Specific Order
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: The ring of integers modulo is an algebraic structure that plays an important role in various fields, such as number theory, cryptography, and number system modeling. This structure also has a strong connection to graph representation, especially in the formation of unit graphs. This research focuses on the analysis of unit graphs formed from modulo integer algebras of a certain order, which aims to formulate the general form of topological indices, namely Gutman, Sombor, Reduced Sombor, Average Sombor, and Harmonic. The research considers two cases: the ring of integer modulo and , where is an odd prime number. The results show that each index has a unique and specific mathematical pattern according to its unit graph order. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the topological and combinatorial properties of unit graphs, which may help in generalizing their topological indices.
Institution: University of Mataram
Language: English
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4410759259