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Extracellular vesicles: A comprehensive review of classification, isolation, characterization, and cargo loading

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron membrane-bound structures released from various cell types into extracellular space.EVs are divided by biogenesis into exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies; moreover, they can also be subtyped into natural, engineered and hybrid EVs.EVs play a vital role in cell-to-cell communication, allowing cells to exchange cargos including proteins, lipids and nucleic acid materials, therefore making them valuable tools as novel biomarkers of diseases, as therapeutic agents and as drug delivery messengers.In this review, we describe several methods for isolation and characterization of EVs.Furthermore, engineered EVs as target drug delivery systems as well as recent advances in hybrid EVs and the engineering of EVs with synthetic lipid nanoparticles will also be discussed.

Source: ScienceAsia

DOI: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2025.s007

Authors: Chanatip Metheetrairut, Ladawan Khowawisetsut, Punnida Nonsuwan, Primana Punnakitikashem, Kovit Pattanapanyasat

Institutions: Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University

Language: English

Topic: Extracellular vesicles in disease

Subfield: Molecular Biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: diamond

Funders: Mahidol University, National Research Council of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University