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Cross-Cultural Reliability of Chinese and Dutch PAIC15 Pain Observations in Stroke and Dementia

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: PURPOSE: Observational pain assessment tools provide important information for healthcare staff in patients who have difficulty expressing themselves. Nonverbal pain expressions are influenced by cultures and may affect the accurate assessment of pain in raters and patients from different cultural backgrounds. It is unknown if observational pain assessment tools that have been developed in Western cultures can be applied reliably in non-Western cultures and whether pain can be measured reliably across cultures. The purpose of the current study was therefore to assess the interrater reliability of Chinese and Dutch raters using the 15-item Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC15) scale in Chinese older patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Using the PAIC15, pain was assessed in Chinese patients with dementia or stroke by Dutch and Chinese assessors. Interrater reliability was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's kappa. Item scores between Dutch and Chinese raters were inspected. RESULTS: In total, 45 patients (N = 25 Alzheimer's disease; N = 20 stroke patients) were observed using the PAIC15. We found good reliability scores when Chinese raters observed the patients, with ICC (95% CI) of the Chinese PAIC15 of 0.915 (0.825; 0.953). Cohen's kappa (95% CI) was 0.687 (0.474; 0.900). Intercultural reliability of all raters was moderate, 0.734 (95% CI: 0.636; 0.823). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that the interrater reliability of the PAIC15 is stable across Western and Chinese cultures. Despite these promising findings, future research into cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric testing is needed to ensure valid observational pain assessment across cultures.

Source: Pain Management Nursing

DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2025.05.001

Authors: Marlies Feenstra, Xuemei Lin, Yuyu Zhang, Sytse Zuidema, Miriam Kunz, Songdi Wu