Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Frequency regulation (FR) constitutes a fundamental aspect of power system stability, particularly in the context of the growing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs). The load frequency control (LFC) mechanism, essential for achieving FR, is increasingly reliant on communication infrastructures that are inherently vulnerable to cyber threats. Cyberattacks targeting these communication links can severely compromise coordination among smart grid components, resulting in erroneous control actions that jeopardize the security and stability of the power system. In light of these concerns, this study proposes a cyber-physical LFC framework incorporating a fuzzy linear active disturbance rejection controller (F-LADRC), wherein the controller parameters are systematically optimized using the quasi-opposition-based reptile search algorithm (QORSA). Furthermore, the proposed approach integrates a comprehensive cyberattack detection and prevention scheme, employing Haar wavelet transforms for anomaly detection and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for predictive mitigation. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is validated through simulations conducted on a restructured power system integrating RES and EVs, as well as a modified IEEE 39-bus test system. The simulation outcomes substantiate the capability of the proposed framework to deliver robust and resilient frequency regulation, maintaining system frequency and tie-line power fluctuations within nominal operational thresholds, even under adverse cyberattack scenarios.
Source: Energies
DOI: 10.3390/en18112899
Authors: Rambaboo Singh, Ramesh Kumar, Utkarsh Raj, Ravi Shankar
Institution: National Institute of Technology Patna
Language: English
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,137
OpenAlex ID: W4410960475