Rising Popularity of Wet Cupping (Hijama Therapy) in Karachi: Public Attitudes and Usage Trends
Year: 2025
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Introduction: Hijama therapy, or wet cupping, is a complementary alternative medical practice with deep historical and cultural roots. Its popularity has increased worldwide, including in Pakistan, due to its affordability, perceived health benefits, and religious significance. Despite its growing acceptance, limited research explores the reasons for its adoption, patient experiences, and global comparisons. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the social, cultural, religious, and therapeutic factors driving the rising adoption of Hijama therapy in Karachi. It also explored patient experiences, including treatment outcomes, side effects, and sources of treatment. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional survey was conducted with 470 participants who went through Hijama therapy from various Hijama centers of Karachi. A structured questionnaire collected their demographic data, motivations, medical conditions treated, treatment outcomes, and side effects. Quantitative data like frequency and percentages were analyzed through its excel sheets, while qualitative responses underwent thematic analysis. Results: Most participants were women (82.1%), aged 30–49 years. Religious significance (70.9%) and perceived health benefits (57.4%) were the primary motivators, followed by minimal side effects (26.7%) and dissatisfaction with conventional medicine (4.3%). Hijama was performed by trained practitioners (58.7%) and in professional clinics (68%). Musculoskeletal pain (47%), general body relaxation (33%), and genitourinary issues (29%) were common treatment reasons. Positive outcomes were reported by 95.5%, with minor side effects such as itching (38.8%) and pain (22.4%). Many combined Hijama with allopathy (34.9%), while 51.9% preferred it as a standalone treatment. Conclusion: Hijama therapy is widely accepted in Karachi due to its cultural, religious, and therapeutic appeal. Increasing awareness of minor side effects and safety measures can further enhance patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes.
Authors: Amber Mushtaq, Dua Nini
Institution: Indus Hospital
Language: English
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W4410967432