Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Water scarcity and the push for sustainable farming demand irrigation systems that use water and energy more wisely. We developed a solar-powered smart watering system that automates irrigation with real-time sensor feedback, making it suitable for remote fields and home gardens that lack constant supervision. An ESP32 microcontroller orchestrates low-power sensors-DHT11 (temperature / humidity), soil-moisture, rain, ultrasonic tank-level, and voltage-while a relay drives the pump. The system runs in two modes. Automatic mode compares live environmental readings with user-set thresholds and activates the pump only when needed. Manual mode lets growers override control through a Firebase-linked IoT app. A 16 × 2 I²C LCD, LEDs, and a buzzer provide on- site status and alerts. All electronics draw exclusively from a photovoltaic-battery pack, eliminating grid dependence. By coupling renewable energy, precise sensing, and cloud connectivity, the prototype reduces water waste, lowers labor requirements, and scales easily to diverse climates and crop types. The design offers a practical template for smart, resource-efficient agriculture. Keywords: Raspberry Pi Pico, LCD Display, WIFI module, Node MCU Esp 8266, GPS Module Neo-6M, E88 Pro Drone, Embedded C, Python.
Language: English
Topic: Smart Agriculture and AI
Subfield: Plant Science
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4411121279