First-time detection of calcium carbonate adulteration in food using advanced hexagonal and pentagonal photonic crystal fibers with silica and Schott glass
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: In this work, we present a novel photonic crystal fiber design for the first-time detection of calcium carbonate concentration using optical fibers. CaCO 3 is a major adulterant in food products such as milk, dairy, flour, spices, confectionary items, and pharmaceutical products. This research analyzes the effect of variable CaCO 3 concentration on various optical parameters like the effective mode index, area, numerical aperture, power fraction, and relative sensitivity of the designed PCF. In our study, we rigorously analyzed four different structures of PCFs using a finite element method. We have numerically analyzed both hexagonal and pentagonal air hole arrangements with two different background materials: Silica and Schott N-BK7 glass. The results indicate that the PCF has higher relative sensitivity and power fraction performance when the air hole lattice is hexagonal, and the background is Silica glass. The results illustrate how PCF geometry and the combination of background materials can make highly sensitive sensors for better food safety applications.
Source: Results in Optics
Institutions: GITAM University, Galgotias University, Adani University
Language: English
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,470
OpenAlex ID: W4411127404