Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: The out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC) is a popular probe for quantum information spreading and thermalization. In systems with local interactions, the OTOC defines a characteristic butterfly light cone that separates a regime unperturbed by chaos from one where time-evolved operators and the OTOC approach equilibrium. This relaxation has been shown to proceed in two stages. The first stage exhibits an extensive timescale and a decay rate known as the “phantom eigenvalue”, which is slower than the gap of the transfer matrix. In this paper, we investigate the two-stage relaxation of the OTOC towards its equilibrium value in various local quantum circuits. We apply a systematic framework based on an emergent statistical model, where the dynamics of two single-particle modes—a domain wall and a magnon—govern the decay rates. We show that a configuration with coexisting domain wall and magnon modes generates the phantom rate in the first stage, while competition between these two modes determines the second stage. We also examine this relaxation within the operator cluster picture. The magnon modes translate into a bound state of clusters, and the domain wall into a random operator, giving consistent rates. Finally, we extend our findings from random-in-time circuits to a broad class of Floquet models.
Authors: Cheryne Jonay, Cathy Li, Tianci Zhou
Institutions: University of Ljubljana, Virginia Tech
Language: English
Topic: Quantum many-body systems
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W4411135322