Work

Pharmacological properties of natural opioids, their toxicity and dangers of use

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Despite their effectiveness as analgesics, antitussives, antispasmodics and constipation drugs, opioids possess many side effects. Moreover, their easy availability contributes to the problem of addiction. In the following review, we focused on the toxicity and side effects of the four most common opioids – morphine, Codeine, Noscapine and Papaverine – to provide reliable information for students, doctors and pharmacists. Their pharmacological effects, as well as side effects have been described. Słowa kluczowe: opioids, toxicity, codeine, morphine, noscapine, papaverine

Source: Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences

DOI: 10.12923/cipms-2025-0014

Authors: Wojciech Ziemichod, Karolina Grabowska, Antonina Kurowska, Grazyna Biala

Institution: Medical University of Lublin

Language: English

Topic: Pain Management and Opioid Use

Subfield: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $84