Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Tongue-nibbling is a rare and previously undocumented affiliative behaviour in free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca), until now seen only in individuals under human care. This study presents the first recorded observation of tongue-nibbling between two wild killer whales in the Kvænangen fjords, Norway. The interaction, captured opportunistically by citizen scientists during a snorkelling expedition, lasted nearly two minutes and involved repeated episodes of gentle, face-to-face oral contact. This behaviour closely resembles sequences observed and described in detail in zoological settings, suggesting that it forms part of the species’ natural social repertoire. The observation also supports the interpretation of tongue-nibbling as a socially affiliative behaviour, likely involved in reinforcing social bonds, particularly among juveniles. The prolonged maintenance of this interaction in managed populations originating from geographically distinct Atlantic and Pacific lineages further indicates its behavioural conservation across contexts. This finding underscores the importance of underwater ethological observation in capturing cryptic social behaviours in cetaceans and illustrates the value of integrating citizen science into systematic behavioural documentation. The study also reinforces the relevance of managed populations in ethological research and highlights the ethical need for carefully regulated wildlife interaction protocols in marine tourism.
Source: Oceans
Authors: Javier Almunia, Johnny van Vliet, Debbie Bouma
Institution: Loro Parque Fundación
Language: English
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
SDG: Life below water
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,930
Funder: Universidad de La Laguna
OpenAlex ID: W4411217611