Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Significance: Pulse oximeters are frequently used in healthcare settings to noninvasively estimate blood oxygen levels in patients, in turn influencing clinical decision-making. However, numerous studies have found pulse oximeters consistently overestimate oxygen levels in patients of color, with this overestimation increasing as oxygen levels decline. Although some reports postulate skin pigmentation may be the source of bias, to our knowledge, the precise impact of skin pigmentation on pulse oximetry has not been elucidated. Aim: Our objective is to experimentally characterize the impact of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeters across a broad range of oxygen saturations and determine whether skin pigmentation can explain the observed pulse oximeter bias in patients of color. Results: Using a live porcine model, we experimentally demonstrate the impact of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter calculation. In particular, we show that skin pigmentation attenuates the sensitivity of red-light absorption to changes in oxygen saturation and show that the pulse oximeter output is consequently attenuated in pigmented skin. Conclusion: The systematic animal experiments confirm the confounding impact of skin pigmentation on intermediate calculations of pulse oximetry, and validate existing clinical observations of pulse oximeter bias in patients of color.
Source: Biophotonics discovery.
Authors: Arjun Putcha, Kevin Schichlein, Tien Nguyen, Brayden Davis, Rachel Choffin, Simran Malik, Aastha Sharma, Grace Sosa, Sara Saffari, Joseph Ribaudo, Jessica Guidici, Robert Lampman, John Eian, Michael Kosorok, Leonid Shmuylovich, Mitchell Pet, Wubin Bai
Language: English
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W4411218165