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Understanding sexual and reproductive health need of unmarried adolescents and youth in urban slums: evidence from a formative study in Uttar Pradesh, India

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Despite the intentional focus of national programs and strategies in last decade, unmarried adolescents and youth (AY) face multiple challenges related to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information, and access to health and counseling services. With massive urbanization and growing slum and more focus on married youth, the situation and need of unmarried AY are often overlooked. The present study explores the SRH need of AY to gain a holistic understanding of the SRH landscape in the context of slums of Uttar Pradesh, India. A formative qualitative study was conducted in the slums of two cities in Uttar Pradesh using qualitative research techniques—in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with unmarried adolescents and youths aged 15–24 years. Thematic analysis was guided by principles of grounded theory and narrative inquiry, both inductive and deductive approaches. The study found limited awareness of SRH issues and often inaccurate knowledge of modern contraceptives among the unmarried youth.Gendered access to SRH information emerged clearly, with boys benefitting from wider peer network, while girls relied on familial networks. Lack of social networks and support, communication gap, and limited reach of health providers have majorly contributed to misinformation and misconceptions. Information through social media and online sources served as a key source of SRH knowledge among adolescents and unmarried youth, but concerns remained about the accuracy and reliability of the information accessed. Structural constraints such as stigma, mobility restrictions, and provider bias further marginalized unmarried youth—especially girls—from accessing reliable SRH services. The study highlighted demand for SRH knowledge, source of knowledge, major concerns, and opportunities of AY in urban slums. A clear need for multi-faceted strategies targeting sexual health education, adolescent-responsive SRH services, and expanded digital outreach with verified content for this vulnerable populations are identified. However, targeted intervention through system level approaches for AY can be helpful for dispelling myths and providing accurate information. Using qualitative data from urbanslums of two cities of Uttar Pradesh, this paper explores the limited knowledge about sexual and reproductive health, sources of information, contraceptive use, and engagement with the healthcare system among unmarried youth aged 15–24 years. While traditional norms may disapprove of premarital sex, physical intimacy among unmarried youth is increasing in some parts of India. The major sources of sexual and reproductive health knowledge were peers and sisters-in-laws for boys and girls respectively. However, the social network of boys was wider than that of girls. There is an increasing tide of information through online content in social media, which serves as a key source of knowledge among adolescents, but their accuracy and reliability is questionable. Comprehensive knowledge about contraception is limited, mostly aware of methods such as condoms and pills; however, in-depth knowledge is lacking. Healthcare worker outreach among the unmarried youth was minimal and calls for policy and program intervention.

Source: Reproductive Health

DOI: 10.1186/s12978-025-02025-x