Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: The protracted conflict between Pakistan and India remains one of the most enduring and dangerous rivalries in the postcolonial world, shaped by contested borders, nationalist ideologies, and recurring military engagements. Since the 1947 partition of British India, both countries have fought four wars and multiple armed skirmishes, predominantly over the region of Jammu and Kashmir. This article presents a critical historical and strategic examination of major conflicts including the wars of 1947–48, 1965, 1971, and the 1999 Kargil War as well as recent crises such as the 2019 Pulwama-Balakot escalation and post-2020 developments in the Kashmir Valley. The study also incorporates recent incidents, including the 2024 Pahalgam encounter and cross-border retaliations, to understand the evolving strategic calculus. Moreover, the article evaluates how diplomatic efforts, international mediation, and nuclear deterrence interact with ideological divides and asymmetric warfare. It concludes that sustainable peace remains elusive without structural reform, confidence-building, and a mutual reassessment of national priorities.
DOI: 10.59075/34wptt74
Authors: Jahan Zaib Adil, Mehar Sohail, Dr. Shazad Farid
Institution: University of Okara
Language: English
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W4411970582