A comparative perspective on loyalty- and multiple voting shares: regulatory competition in the EU, towards where?
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: In this article, we analyse the growing regulatory competition between EU Member States regarding loyalty and multiple voting shares (MVS). We compare recent legislative developments in seven jurisdictions and examine their approaches to voting ratios, allocation criteria, majority thresholds, agenda limitations, and sunset provisions. Finally, we argue that two distinct models have emerged — ex ante regulation and ex post judicial review — and reflect on the legal uncertainty and reputational risks each entails.
Source: European Company Law
DOI: 10.54648/eucl2025021
Authors: B. Kemp, T. A. Keijzer
Language: English
Topic: Corporate Governance and Law
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W4412055646