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A perspective for adapting generalist AI to specialized medical AI applications and their challenges

Year: 2025
Type: review
Abstract: We introduce a framework to adapt large language models for medicine: (1) Modeling: breaking down medical workflows into manageable steps; (2) Optimization: optimizing model performance via advanced adaptations; and (3) System engineering: developing agent or chain systems. Furthermore, we describe varied use cases, such as clinical trial design, clinical decision support, and medical imaging analysis. Finally, we discuss challenges and considerations for building medical AI with LLMs.
DOI: 10.1038/s41746-025-01789-7
Authors: Zifeng Wang, Hanyin Wang, Benjamin Danek, Ying Li, Christina Mack, Luk Arbuckle, Devyani Biswal, Hoifung Poon, Yajuan Wang, Pranav Rajpurkar, Cao Xiao, Jimeng Sun
Institutions: Mayo Clinic, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Mayo Clinic Health System, Regeneron (United States), IQVIA (United States), Microsoft (United States), Harvard University
Language: English
Field: Medicine
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $4,090
OpenAlex ID: W4412202274
FWCI: 1.005
Cites: 110
Cited by: 17
Related to: 10