Large Scale Deployment of BERT Based Cross Encoder Model for Re-Ranking in Walmart Search Engine
Year: 2025
Type: conference-paper
Abstract: Re-ranking plays a crucial role in product search by reassessing products from the primary retrieval system based on specific engagement and relevance criteria. While transformer-based models like the cross encoder have advanced the relevance of ranking models in recent years, a significant challenge arises from the high latency cost associated with running a cross encoder model at runtime. This challenge becomes more pronounced in the long-tail segment, where conventional techniques like caching prove ineffective. To tackle these issues, our paper introduces a scalable framework featuring a BERT-based cross encoder model for re-ranking, deployed in the Walmart search engine. We employ strategies such as intermediate representations, operator fusion, and vectorization to improve the inference latency of the cross encoder model. Furthermore, we provide a detailed discussion on the runtime implementation, highlighting key learnings and practical tricks that ensured minimal impact on response latency during production. Finally, we present the results of online experiments, including manual evaluation and interleaving test conducted on real-world e-commerce search traffic.
Authors: Ajit Puthenputhussery, Changsung Kang, Alessandro Magnani, Tian Zhang, Hongwei Shang, Nitin Yadav, Prijith Chandran, Bhavin Madhani, Yuan-Tai Fu, He Wang, Zbigniew Gasiorek, Salvatore Tornatore, Srikanth Dasaka, Vivek Agrawal, Michael Bowersox, Cun Mu, Ciya Liao
Institution: Walmart (United States)
Language: English
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: bronze
OpenAlex ID: W4412378071