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The relationship between at-risk foot and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among the population with diabetes

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Background: Diabetic foot (DF) is a common complication among people with diabetes, typically caused by peripheral neuropathy (PN) and/or peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower limbs. The existing research mainly focuses on cases of diabetic foot ulcers, while the relationship between at-risk foot and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general U.S. population remains unclear. Methods: This study utilized data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 to conduct a cohort study. At-risk foot are defined as those in diabetic people who have concurrent PAD and/or PN, and without the presence of chronic ulcers in the lower extremities. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Multivariable Cox regression models were used to analyze the association between at-risk foot and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, with subgroup analyses conducted. Results: A total of 946 participants were included in the study, of which 301 had at-risk foot. The median follow-up time was 190 months. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that the all-cause mortality (HR: 2.050, 95% CI: 1.524, 2.758) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 2.494, 95% CI: 1.809, 3.438) in at-risk foot people were significantly higher than in those without at-risk foot. Additionally, people with ischemic at-risk foot had a higher risk of mortality compared to those with non-ischemic neuropathic at-risk foot. Conclusion: Patients with at-risk foot in the diabetic population are significantly associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Early diagnosis and intervention of PAD and PN in diabetes people are crucial for reducing mortality risk.

Source: Frontiers in Medicine

DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1584949

Authors: Zhe Wu, Jin Dong, Meng Li, Chu Chu, Bin Wang

Institutions: Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM

Language: English

Topic: Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management

Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,801