Examining Imbalance Effects on Performance and Demographic Fairness of Clinical Language Models
Year: 2025
Type: conference-paper
Abstract: Data imbalance is a fundamental challenge in applying language models to biomedical applications, particularly in ICD code prediction tasks where label and demographic distributions are uneven. While state-of-the-art language models have been increasingly adopted in biomedical tasks, few studies have systematically examined how data imbalance affects model performance and fairness across demographic groups. This study fills the gap by statistically probing the relationship between data imbalance and model performance in ICD code prediction. We analyze imbalances in a standard benchmark data across gender, age, ethnicity, and social determinants of health by state-of-the-art biomedical language models. By deploying diverse performance metrics and statistical analyses, we explore the influence of data imbalance on performance variations and demographic fairness. Our study shows that data imbalance significantly impacts model performance and fairness, but feature similarity to the majority class may be a more critical factor. We believe this study provides valuable insights for developing more equitable and robust language models in healthcare applications1.
Authors: Precious Jones, Weisi Liu, I-Chan Huang, Xiaolei Huang
Institutions: University of Memphis, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Language: English
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W4412568371