Work

Revisiting the First, Second and Combined Laws of Thermodynamics

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The present study revisits the first, second, and combined laws of thermodynamics by introducing partial internal energy in the first law, entropy production and partial entropy in entropy change, and partial volume in the context of work exchange. These developments yield a more rigorous and internally consistent thermodynamic framework, within which chemical potential is defined as the partial derivative of internal energy with respect to composition at constant entropy and volume, and is related to partial internal energy, partial entropy, and partial volume.

Source: Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion

DOI: 10.1007/s11669-025-01204-4

Author: Zi-Kui Liu

Institution: Pennsylvania State University

Language: English

Topic: Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

Field: Physics and Astronomy

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $3,890

Funders: U.S. Department of Energy, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University