Fully 3D-printed solid-contact potentiometric sensor for sodium determination
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This paper describes the design and fabrication of the first fully 3D-printed (3Dp) solid-contact (SC) ion-selective electrode for use in potentiometric sensing. This sensor, constructed from stereolithographically printed Na + -ion-selective membranes and carbon-infused polylactic acid transducers, fabricated via fused-deposition modelling, demonstrates the diversity and extreme utility of 3D-printing in electroanalysis. We demonstrate the ability to manipulate and fine-tune transducer hydrophobicity based on print angle and print thickness, leading to highly stable (∼20 μV drift per hour) 3Dp-Na + -ISE. The developed sensor demonstrates a linear and Nernstian response (slope of 57.1 mV/decade) towards Na + , covering the physiologically relevant Na + levels found in biological fluids (240 μM–250 mM). The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the developed sensor were determined to be 0.0024 mM and 0.008 mM, respectively. The 3Dp-Na + -ISE selectively measures Na + in the presence of common interfering ions (e.g., potassium, ammonium, magnesium, and calcium) found in biological fluids, and the effectiveness of the sensor was confirmed through the successful determination of Na + in human saliva samples. The ability to construct solid-contact potentiometric sensors using entirely 3D printed materials permits the mass-production of highly functional and low-cost sensors with diverse applicability. • Fully 3D printed solid-contact potentiometric sensors were fabricated. • Sensors demonstrate remarkable stability and Nernstian behavior. • Print angle and thickness found to be directly related to material hydrophobicity. • Sensors respond selectively to Na + ions in human saliva.
Source: Biosensors and Bioelectronics
Institution: Washington State University
Language: English
Subfield: Bioengineering
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $5,540
OpenAlex ID: W4413138018