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Design of an Optimal Enhanced Quadratic Controller for a Four-Wheel Independent Driven Electric Vehicle (4WID-EV) Under Failure Cases

Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Owing to the recent attention towards the growing issue of global warming, the automotive industry is shifting towards more capable and eco-friendly vehicles with longer ranges than conventional vehicles. Although the transition to eco-friendly vehicles faces several challenges, including component failures due to mechanical wear, electrical voltage fluctuations, motor damage from overloads, infrastructure, and external environmental disturbances. The four-wheel independent drive electric vehicle (4WID-EV) is often used as an alternative to the single-drive electric vehicle, providing improved traction control and reducing the increased load on the individual motors. This study proposes an optimally enhanced controller to control the linear and nonlinear trajectories of four independent motors to evaluate the electric vehicle’s speed and address challenges involved in torque distribution to the independent drive, especially under various motor failure conditions. The computed results reveal that the proposed optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller accurately predicts better than the conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller in terms of the vehicle’s speed under various motor failures. Specifically, the optimal LQR controller achieves a faster settling time of 2.5 s, a lower overshoot of 0.8%, a mean error of 0.0441 rad/s, and a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0820 (rad/s2). These results indicate that the proposed controller enhances stability and accuracy, improving adaptability even under motor failure conditions in 4WID-EVs.
DOI: 10.3390/wevj16080470
Authors: Sasikala Durairaj, Mohamed Rabik Mohamed Ismail
Language: English
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,689
OpenAlex ID: W4413282709
FWCI: 0.499
Cites: 36
Cited by: 2
Related to: 10