Work

The role of C-O-H-F-Cl fluids in the making of Earth’s continental roots

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The cratonic ‘roots’ of Earth’s major continents extend to depths of over 160 km and have remained stable for more than 2.5 billion years due to buoyant, refractory harzburgites formed by Archean mantle melting. However, mantle harzburgites from some global cratons (e.g., Kaapvaal, Siberia, Slave, Rae and Tanzania) show unusual orthopyroxene and silica enrichment, alongside titanium depletion, which cannot be explained by simple melting processes. The origins of the orthopyroxene-rich harzburgites are debated and include high-pressure melting residues, with komatiite melt interaction, or subduction-related silicic melts and fluids. To further investigate this we analysed volatile (H 2 O, F, Cl) contents in Kaapvaal craton peridotites. Orthopyroxene-rich harzburgites, including a diamond-bearing sample, show elevated volatile contents, suggesting infiltration by supercritical C-O-H fluids—rich in silica, fluorine and chlorine and depleted in Ti—fluxed from subducted oceanic lithosphere (carbonated pelites, eclogites and serpentinites). These findings highlight the role of C-O-H-F-Cl bearing fluids in shaping cratonic lithosphere and offer a new framework for understanding craton evolution, mantle metasomatism and diamond genesis in early Earth.

Source: Nature Communications

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62888-3

Authors: S. A. Gibson, C. J. Jackson, J. C. Crosby, J. A. F. Day

Institution: University of Cambridge

Language: English

Topic: Geological and Geochemical Analysis

Subfield: Geophysics

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $6,990

Funders: Research Councils UK, University of Cambridge, Natural Environment Research Council