Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: The carbon footprint of cement manufacturing in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) area, both now and in the future, is thoroughly evaluated in this paper.The study measures greenhouse gas emissions from both direct and indirect sources at various cement supply chain stages using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies.To determine the most carbon-intensive processes and support regional sustainability initiatives, emission data from a few chosen MENA nations are examined.and contrasted, with a focus on the cement industry in Iraq.The study highlights the significant environmental burden of clinker production, which remains the primary contributor to emissions due to its high energy requirements.Through comparative analysis of cement types, the research demonstrates that blended cements such as CEM II, CEMIII, CEMIV, and CEMV offer substantial potential for emission reductions.The CO₂ emission reduction rates compared to CEM I are CEM II: 18% reduction, CEM III: 31% reduction, CEM IV: 17% reduction, CEM V: 34% reduction.The results emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to decarbonizing the cement sector, including replacing materials and using alternative fuels, recording real emissions to find appropriate solutions, and regional cooperation.To achieve climate goals and implement low-carbon practices in cement trade in the Middle East and North Africa, policymakers, researchers and industry stakeholders can benefit from this study.
Institutions: University of Technology - Iraq, Ruhr University Bochum
Language: English
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $161
OpenAlex ID: W4413824912