Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on Head Loss Through 90° Elbows with Curvature Radius Variation
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Pipe elbows are vital components in industrial fluid transport systems, where changes in flow direction often lead to energy losses and complex secondary flow phenomena. This study presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based investigation on how the curvature ratio (R/D) of 90° elbows influences head loss, pressure distribution, velocity recovery, and downstream flow development. Simulations were performed for five R/D values (1.0, 1.47, 3.33, 3.67, and 7.66) under turbulent, single-phase flow at Reynolds numbers of 17,631.71 and 23,888.13. The results show that the head loss coefficient (K) decreases with increasing R/D up to approximately 3.67, beyond which it rises again due to extended wall friction. Elbows with larger R/D enable smoother flow redirection, faster velocity stabilization, and more uniform pressure fields, while small-radius elbows induce stronger separation, asymmetric profiles, and higher energy dissipation. These findings confirm a nonlinear relationship between geometry and hydraulic performance, highlighting an optimal curvature range for efficient design. The study adds scientific value by extending R/D coverage beyond common industrial standards and systematically analyzing flow recovery behavior. It concludes that elbows with R/D near 3.67 provide a favorable balance between minimizing separation and limiting frictional loss at moderate Re. These insights support more energy-efficient design strategies in piping networks. Future work is recommended to explore unsteady, multiphase, or thermally coupled flows for broader applicability.
Authors: H. Helmizar, D. Nopita, Y. Witanto, K. Shai, R. D. Eka Putra, A. Kurniawan Mainil
Institution: University of Bengkulu
Language: English
Subfield: Computational Mechanics
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4413856165