Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Introduction: Mental stress affects nearly everyone, with individual responses varying greatly. The importance of studying mental stress has increased, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stress has wide-ranging health impacts, from elevating blood pressure to contributing to depression and neurodegenerative conditions. Methods: This work aimed to uncover reliable correlates of mental stress using Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG) methods, with an additional focus on sex differences. Twenty-five volunteers performed time-constrained mental arithmetic tasks under stress, amplified by workspace noise and negative feedback. Results: Response-locked heart rate (HR) data revealed a parasympathetic deceleration at response onset, followed by sympathetic rebound, with deeper HR dips linked to higher stress levels. Men showed earlier, longer-lasting HR decelerations, suggesting a time-based regulation strategy, while women exhibited larger, short-lived HR swings during slower responses, indicating an intensity-based response. Neural responses revealed also sex-specific stress effects: in females, stress modulated frontal theta, beta, and the theta/beta ratio-markers of cognitive control. In males, stress increased gamma and decreased delta power, indicating possibly heightened arousal and reduced motor preparation, respectively. While alpha asymmetry was modulated in both sexes, its behavioral relevance and spatial patterns differed. Discussion: These findings highlight the need for sex-specific models in neuroadaptive systems and stress-monitoring technologies.
Source: Frontiers in Neuroscience
Institutions: Graz University of Technology, Medical University of Graz
Language: English
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,801
OpenAlex ID: W4413971131