Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Strain Sensor Array Integrated into Smart Tires for a Load Perception
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Tire deformation monitoring is a critical requirement for improving vehicle safety, performance, and intelligent transportation systems. However, most existing flexible strain sensors either lack directional sensitivity or have not been validated in real-world driving environments, limiting their practical application in smart tires. In this work, we report the fabrication of a flexible piezoresistive strain sensor based on a porous laser-induced graphene (LIG) network embedded in an Ecoflex elastomer matrix, with integrated directional force recognition. The LIG-Ecoflex sensor exhibits a high gauge factor of 9.7, fast response and recovery times, and stable performance over 10,000 cycles. More importantly, the anisotropic structure of the LIG enables accurate multi-directional stress recognition when combined with a convolutional neural network (CNN), achieving an overall classification accuracy exceeding 98%. To further validate real-world applicability, the sensor was mounted inside passenger car tires and tested under different loads and speeds. The results demonstrate reliable monitoring of tire deformation with clear correlations to load and velocity, confirming robustness under dynamic driving conditions. This study provides a new pathway for the integration of direction-aware, high-performance strain sensors into intelligent tire systems, with broader potential for wearable electronics, vehicle health monitoring, and next-generation Internet of Vehicles applications.
Source: Micromachines
DOI: 10.3390/mi16090994
Language: English
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,534
Awards: G1278313913, G1368627977, G1541043934, G1616395606, G1858519337, G1923177975, G1992626537, G207355129, G212061508, G2179953206, G2401189763, G2438925618, G2705690352, G28496907, G2883736643, G2962001308, G313028501, G317387057, G3217655452, G3754494839, G3901269089, G3920000789, G4255988098, G4538420533, G4597868198, G472568979, G5215364289, G5694012732, G6124780923, G6128611384, G6174779102, G6421175755, G6422076786, G6448853307, G6533254389, G6552499065, G6599951328, G7239475, G7913731686, G7974432854, G8127058772, G8303188242, G8346214906, G8621483086
OpenAlex ID: W4413992143