An observation inventory for evaluating rural primary school learning spaces
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This study presents a quantitative observation inventory for assessing the quality of learning spaces in rural primary schools. It develops, validates, and applies this observational instrument, which evaluates four aspects of learning space design: spatial layout, physical attributes, furniture, and technology. The inventory was tested in three rural primary schools in Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China, and benefited from insights offered by 22 observers, including architects and school and government administrators. This article describes how the inventory was developed and applied to capture vital challenges in rural learning space design. The results show that it identified critical features of rural learning spaces and provided valuable insights into the need for adaptable, flexible, and technologically advanced learning spaces in the three case study schools. The research presented in this paper contributes to the literature by exploring an approach for evaluating rural learning spaces and offering architects and policymakers an instrument that can guide the design and improvement of rural school learning spaces.
Authors: Baiyu Jiang, Jestin Nordin, Mohd Najib Mohd Salleh, Liujun Zhu
Institutions: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jiangsu Ocean University
Language: English
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
SDG: Quality education
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,165
OpenAlex ID: W4414002822