Demonstration of Super-X divertor exhaust control for transient heat load management in compact fusion reactors
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Nuclear fusion could offer clean, abundant energy. However, managing the power exhausted from the core fusion plasma towards the reactor wall remains a major challenge, compounded in emerging compact reactor designs promising more cost-effective pathways towards commercial fusion energy. Alternative Divertor Configurations (ADCs) are a potential solution. In this work, ADC exhaust control is demonstrated for the first time, employing a novel method to diagnose the neutral gas buffer which shields the target. Our work on MAST-U shows that ADCs tackle key risks and uncertainties for fusion energy: 1) their highly reduced sensitivity to perturbations enables active exhaust control in otherwise unfeasible situations and facilitates 2) passive absorption of transients which would otherwise damage the divertor; furthermore, 3) isolating each divertor from other reactor regions enables near-independent control of the divertors and core plasma. Our work showcases the real-world benefits of ADCs for effective heat load management in reactors.
Source: Nature Energy
Authors: B. Kool, K. Verhaegh, G. L. Derks, T. A. Wijkamp, J. T. W. Koenders, N. Lonigro, G. McArdle, C. Vincent, J. Lovell, S. S. Henderson, F. Federici, D. Brida, H. Reimerdes, N. Osborne, M. van Berkel, The EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F. C. P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G. M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J. F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M. H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, M. Baruzzo, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T. O. S. J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I. S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F. J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C. D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A. G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. W. Coenen, I. H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N. J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. 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Institutions: Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Eindhoven University of Technology, Culham Science Centre, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, University of York, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, University of Liverpool, National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, University of Padua, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Graz University of Technology, Aalto University, Institute for the Science and Technology of Plasmas, Ghent University, National Technical University of Athens, Uppsala University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires, C.R.E.A.T.E. Consorzio Di Ricerca Per L'Energia E Le Applicazioni Technologiche Dell'Elettromagnetismo, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CEA Cadarache, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique, HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Universidad de Sevilla, University of Cagliari, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Politecnico di Torino, University of Catania, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, KU Leuven, University of Rome Tor Vergata, ITER, Durham University, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Queen's University Belfast, University of Ljubljana, Jožef Stefan Institute, National Institute for Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation & Procédés Propres, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Institut Universitaire des Systèmes Thermiques Industriels, Technical University of Denmark, Institute for Nuclear Research, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, TU Wien, École Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Universität Innsbruck, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electronics, Loughborough University, University of Helsinki, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institute for Complex Systems, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Politecnico di Milano, General Atomics (United States), University of Oxford, Roma Tre University, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Florida International University, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, University of California San Diego, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Imperial College London, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Manchester, The University of Texas at Austin, University of California, Los Angeles, Dublin City University, University of Warwick, University of Strathclyde, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of High Performance Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, William & Mary, Columbia University, University of California, Irvine
Language: English
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $12,690
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Aix-Marseille Université, Helsingin Yliopisto, Université de Lorraine, Politecnico di Torino, Institut "Jožef Stefan", EUROfusion, University of Oxford, European Commission, Loughborough University, Durham University, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Queen's University, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, KU Leuven, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Sapienza Università di Roma, Università di Catania, Technische Universität Wien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Universidade de Lisboa, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus VTT, Univerza v Ljubljani, Universität Innsbruck, University of California, San Diego, Euratom Research and Training Programme, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Instituto Superior Técnico, Staatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und Innovation, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Nuclear Physics, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, H2020 European Research Council
Awards: G115085052, EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Fusion Energy Science and Technology, G157624241, G1645119126, G203625172, Implementation of activities described in the Roadmap to Fusion during Horizon Europe through a joint programme of the members of the EUROfusion consortium, G2293481551, G2393004074, G275679244, G3510889102, G3562821882, G385935917, The influence of magnetic geometry on the plasma edge region of future fusion reactors, G4519958826, G4628791999, G4738563536, G5271652764, UKAEA / EPSRC Fusion Grant 2022/27, Magnetic Research Fusion Programme 2019-2022, G6354847870
OpenAlex ID: W4414016412