Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry for Density Determination of Lump Charcoal as a Reliable Alternative to Archimedes’ Method
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Lump charcoal is used in various applications, with combustion performance reliant on physical properties including apparent density. Currently, apparent density is measured by liquid displacement using Archimedes’ principle, which can yield inconsistent results for porous, irregular materials. This study investigates structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry as a non-destructive alternative for estimating the apparent density of lump charcoal. Ninety fragments from 15 commercial samples were analyzed. Mass was measured using an analytical balance, and volume was estimated independently via Archimedes’ method and photogrammetry. Apparent density was calculated as the ratio of mass to volume. Results showed strong agreement between the two methods. Mean density values ranged from 284.2 to 751.6 kg/m3 for photogrammetry and from 267.2 to 765.7 kg/m3 for Archimedes. No significant differences were found (Wilcoxon test, p > 0.05), and a strong correlation was observed (Spearman’s ρ = 0.94, p < 0.001). Photogrammetry also demonstrated low estimation errors, with a mean absolute error of 38.8 kg/m3, a percentage error of 9.9%, and a root mean squared error of 50.2 kg/m3. Beyond methodological innovation, this approach strengthens sustainability by supporting accurate fuel properties control, allowing better use of the resource and maximizes combustion efficiency. In this way, it contributes to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) on affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy.
Source: Sustainability
DOI: 10.3390/su17177991
Institution: University of Padua
Language: English
Subfield: Geology
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
Funder: European Commission
Awards: G1000454745, G3684850888
OpenAlex ID: W4414024026