Effects of daily post‐training, high‐concentration CO2 ‐water immersion on thermoregulatory function in young male baseball players
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Among the different forms of hydrotherapy, carbon dioxide (CO2) water immersion improves peripheral vasodilation and blood flow compared with tap water immersion; however, the heat stress placed on the body through CO2 water immersion and the appropriate immersion protocols are uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the thermoregulatory responses during CO2 and tap water immersions. The participants were 10 male college baseball players. After daily training was completed, intervention was performed for 15 min under three conditions: (1) CO2 water immersion (CO2; 40°C, 1000 ppm), (2) tap water immersion (TAP; 40°C), and (3) seated at rest at room temperature (control [CON]; at 25°C and relative humidity of 60%). Core body temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), skin blood flow, local sweat rate (LSR), and blood pressure were measured. The Tcore, Tsk, thermal sensation (TS), and HR were significantly higher in the CO2 and TAP trials than in the CON trial. Compared to tap water immersion, CO2 water immersion resulted in higher Tcore and LSR values, with moderate to large effect sizes (Tcore: d = 0.52, LSR: d = 0.80). However, thermal discomfort did not increase, suggesting that CO2 water immersion may increase heat stress without causing any negative effects.
Source: Physiological Reports
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70540
Authors: Risa Iwata, Mariko Nakamura, Saeko Takahashi, Shinsuke Tamai, Kazuya Fukami, Rie Shoji, Junpei Sasadai, Reia Shimizu, Kohei Nakajima
Language: English
Subfield: Physiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,050
OpenAlex ID: W4414111263