Work

Development and validation of the resilience in self-care scale (RISE) among older adults with diabetes in Northeast Malaysia

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Problem considered Understanding the level of resilience in managing self-care in older adults with diabetes (OAwD) remains crucial to determining the resilience level. Hence, OAwD with low resilience could be invited to participate in the resilience intervention and diabetes education program. However, there is a lack of validated instruments to assess this. This study aims to develop and validate the resilience in self-care scale (RISE) among OAwD in Northeast Malaysia. Methods The scale was developed based on the Resiliency Model, literature reviews, and discussions among research team members. A step-by-step validation procedure involving content, face, and construct validity was applied. The construct validation was conducted via cross-sectional studies among 216 OAwD using Exploratory Factor Analysis and 300 OAwD using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The study was conducted face-to-face at a tertiary hospital's primary care and medical clinic. Results The preliminary RISE displays a high item Content and Face Validity Index with 22 items. The EFA analysis demonstrated a domain with 18 items. The final questionnaire after CFA analysis consists of one domain with 17 items. The level of goodness of fit (comparative fit index = 0.961, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.954, incremental fit index = 0.901, chi-squared/degree of freedom = 2.560, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.072), signifying a good fit model. The Cronbach's alpha of this questionnaire is 0.967. Conclusion The RISE scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring resilience in managing self-care among OAwD.

Source: Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102169