Work

Integrated Phytochemical Profiling, GC-MS Characterization, and In Silico, In Vitro Evaluation of Synergistic Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Morus alba Bark and Pinus densiflora Extracts with Methyl Gallate

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The growing challenge of antibiotic resistance and inflammation-related disorders calls for safe, multi-target therapeutic strategies. Morus alba (MOAL) and Pinus densiflora (PIDE) are known for their medicinal properties, yet their combined potential with methyl gallate (MG) has not been fully explored. In this study, the phytochemical composition of MOAL and PIDE was characterized using GC–MS, and their combined antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. Hydroethanolic extracts were prepared and assessed for antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), antibacterial activity (disk diffusion, MIC, time kill), and nitric oxide (NO) suppression in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, alongside MTT cytotoxicity screening. MOAL exhibited a higher extraction efficiency, reaching 500 mg/mL at 4 h, whereas Pinus achieved 450 mg/mL at the same time point. Both exhibited a diverse and abundant phytochemical profile. The optimized blend (MOAL:PIDE:MG, 1:1:0.1) demonstrated significantly enhanced bioactivity, with over 90% DPPH scavenging with the low IC50 value (66.62 mg/mL), potent inhibition of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the strongest effect against Staphylococcus aureus (264 μg/mL). Time-kill assays confirmed rapid bactericidal action, and NO production was reduced by approximately 75% without cytotoxicity. Molecular docking identified a lead multi-target compound exhibiting strong binding affinities to COX-2, TNF-α, and Keap1, supporting its observed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. These findings highlight the promise of synergistic phytochemical formulations as broad-spectrum, multifunctional therapeutic candidates, supporting further in vivo and clinical validation.

Source: Antioxidants

DOI: 10.3390/antiox14091114

Authors: Muhammad Aleem Abbas, Ga-Yeong Lee, Syed Al Jawad Sayem, Seung-Jin Lee, Seung-Chun Park

Institutions: Kyungpook National University, Korea Institute of Toxicology

Language: English

Topic: Medicinal Plant Research

Subfield: Plant Science

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,499