Generalized Cross-Curvature Solitons of 3D Lorentzian Lie Groups
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: We investigate left-invariant generalized cross-curvature solitons on simply connected three-dimensional Lorentzian Lie groups. Working with the assumption that the contravariant tensor Pij (defined from the Ricci tensor and scalar curvature) is invertible, we derive the algebraic soliton equations for left-invariant metrics and classify all left-invariant generalized cross-curvature solitons (for the generalized equation LXg+λg=2h+2ρRg) on the standard 3D Lorentzian Lie algebra types (unimodular Types Ia, Ib, II, and III and non-unimodular Types IV.1, IV.2, and IV.3). For each Lie algebra type, we state the necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions on the structure constants, provide explicit formulas for the soliton vector fields X (when they exist), and compute the soliton parameter λ in terms of the structure constants and the parameter ρ. Our results include several existence families, explicit nonexistence results (notably for Type Ib and Type IV.3), and consequences linking the existence of left-invariant solitons with local conformal flatness in certain cases. The classification yields new explicit homogeneous generalized cross-curvature solitons in the Lorentzian setting and clarifies how the parameter ρ modifies the algebraic constraints. Examples and brief geometric remarks are provided.
Source: Axioms
Author: Mehdi Jafari
Institution: Payame Noor University
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
OpenAlex ID: W4414258151