Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: promote remineralization by releasing calcium and phosphate ions into the etched surface, potentially counteracting some of the demineralization caused by traditional phosphoric acid.7 Studies by Paik et al. demonstrated that TCP-enriched etching systems not only reduce the harsh demineralization of enamel but also aid in preserving the enamel structure while promoting remineralization, especially in weaker, more porous enamel like that of primary teeth.8 Another proposed alternative is the use of citric acid, an organic acid with milder etching properties compared to phosphoric acid.Citric acid is known for its chelating ability, meaning it can bind calcium ions and remove them from the enamel surface without the excessive demineralization typically seen with stronger acids.9 When combined with TCP, citric acid could provide a controlled IntroductIonThe success of adhesive dentistry largely depends on the quality of the etched enamel surface, which creates the necessary micromechanical retention for bonding agents. 1 Traditionally, 37% phosphoric acid has been the gold standard for enamel etching, first introduced in the mid-20th century by Buonocore as a means to enhance bonding by creating microretentive structures on the enamel surface. 2 The acid dissolves hydroxyapatite crystals, effectively removing calcium and phosphate ions, thus roughening the enamel and increasing the surface area for adhesive bonding.3 This process has been extensively studied and applied in both primary and permanent dentition.However, its application in primary teeth poses unique challenges.The enamel of primary teeth is thinner, more porous, and less mineralized compared to permanent teeth, leading to more rapid and deeper demineralization during the etching process.4 Studies by Gwinnett and Silverstone classified the etch patterns seen in primary teeth as type I and II, but they also highlighted the increased susceptibility of primary enamel to over-etching.5 Over-etching results in excessive enamel loss, potentially leading to weakened tooth structure, increased sensitivity, and compromised bonding longevity.6 Given these concerns, researchers have been investigating alternative etching agents and modifications to reduce the adverse effects of aggressive etching while maintaining adequate bonding performance.One promising approach is the incorporation of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) into etching solutions.TCP is a biocompatible, bioactive compound known for its ability to 1,
Authors: Pooja V Ravi, Sri Sudev S
Institution: Saveetha University
Language: English
Subfield: Orthodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
Funder: Saveetha Dental College
OpenAlex ID: W4414376476