Work

A unified approach to extract interpretable rules from tree ensembles via Integer Programming

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Tree ensembles are widely used machine learning models, known for their effectiveness in supervised classification and regression tasks. Their performance derives from aggregating predictions of multiple decision trees, which are renowned for their interpretability properties. However, tree ensemble models do not reliably exhibit interpretable output. Our work aims to extract an optimized list of rules from a trained tree ensemble, providing the user with a condensed, interpretable model that retains most of the predictive power of the full model. Our approach consists of solving a set partitioning problem formulated through Integer Programming. The extracted list of rules is unweighted and defines a partition of the training data, assigning each instance to exactly one rule, and thereby simplifying the explanation process. The proposed method works with tabular or time series data, for both classification and regression tasks, and its flexible formulation can include any arbitrary loss or regularization functions. Our computational experiments offer statistically significant evidence that our method performs comparably to several rule extraction methods in terms of predictive performance and fidelity towards the tree ensemble. Moreover, we empirically show that the proposed method effectively extracts interpretable rules from tree ensembles that are designed for time series data. • Interpretable unweighted rule lists for regression and classification. • Integer Programming formulation supports flexible loss functions. • Highly faithful and representative surrogate models from tree ensembles. • Publicly available implementation for tabular and time series data. • Competitive performance against state-of-the-art methods.

Source: Computers & Operations Research

DOI: 10.1016/j.cor.2025.107283

Authors: Lorenzo Bonasera, Emilio Carrizosa

Institutions: University of Pavia, Universidad de Sevilla

Language: English

Topic: Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)

Subfield: Artificial Intelligence

Field: Computer Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $3,570

Funder: Agencia Estatal de Investigación