Reconstruction of the depth of the shower maximum of air showers with the SD-750 surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory using neural networks
Year: 2025
Type: conference-paper
Abstract: The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is one of the intriguing mysteries in astroparticle physics. In order to identify their sources, we need precise knowledge of the mass composition of UHECRs. The direct detection of UHECRs is not feasible at energies above 0.1 PeV, necessitating the use of mass-sensitive observables of extended air showers induced by UHECRs interacting with the atmosphere. One way to achieve high statistics for these mass-sensitive observables is to use ground-based detector arrays, such as the Surface Detector (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The SD consists of three sub-arrays of independent detector stations arranged in triangular grids with different spacings. Recently, it has been shown that neural networks (NNs) can extract mass-sensitive observables from data taken by the SD-1500, the largest sub-detector of the SD. In this contribution, we demonstrate the feasibility of using NNs to reconstruct a high-level shower observable, the depth of the shower maximum, from data simulated for and observed by the SD-750, the second-largest detector array nested within the SD-1500. A simulation study shows that the SD-750 NN exhibits behavior similar to that of an SD-1500 NN and outperforms the latter in the energy range [1, 10) EeV. Moreover, we show that, after performing a correction and calibration procedure, the predictions of the SD-750 NN are consistent with the measurement of the depth of the shower maximum obtained by the Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
DOI: 10.22323/1.501.0284
Authors: Steffen Hahn, Adila Abdul Halim, Pedro Abreu, Marco Aglietta, Ingomar Allekotte, Kevin Almeida Cheminant, Alejandro Almela, Roberto Aloisio, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Antonio Ambrosone, Juan Ammerman Yebra, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Belén Andrada, Luciana Andrade Dourado, Sofia Andringa, Lorenzo Apollonio, Carla Aramo, Enrico Arnone, Juan Carlos Arteaga Velazquez, Pedro Assis, Gualberto Avila, Emanuele Avocone, Alena Bakalova, Felicia Barbato, Adriel Bartz Mocellin, Jose A. Bellido, Corinne Berat, Mario E. Bertaina, Marta Bianciotto, Peter L. Biermann, Virginia Binet, Kathrin Bismark, Teresa Bister, Jonathan Biteau, Jiri Blazek, Johannes Blümer, Martina Bohacova, Denise Boncioli, Carla Bonifazi, Luan Bonneau Arbeletche, Nataliia Borodai, Jeffrey Brack, P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera, Florian Lukas Briechle, Antonio Bueno, Stijn Buitink, Mario Buscemi, Max Büsken, Anthony Bwembya, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Sergio Cabana-Freire, Lorenzo Caccianiga, Federico Campuzano, Jorge Caraça-Valente, Rossella Caruso, Antonella Castellina, Fernando Catalani, Gabriella Cataldi, Lorenzo Cazon, Marcos Cerda, Berenika Čermáková, Alessandro Cermenati, Jose Augusto Chinellato, Jiří Chudoba, Ladislav Chytka, Roger W Clay, Agustín Cobos Cerutti, Roberta Colalillo, Rúben Conceição, Giovanni Consolati, Matteo Conte, Fabio Convenga, Diego Correia dos Santos, Pedro J. Costa, Corbin Covault, Markus Cristinziani, Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez, Sergio Dasso, Kai Daumiller, Bruce R. Dawson, Rogerio M. de Almeida, Eric-Teunis de Boone, Beatriz de Errico, Joaquín de Jesús, Sijbrand J. de Jong, João de Mello Neto, Ivan De Mitri, Jaime de Oliveira, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, Francesco de Palma, Vitor de Souza, Emanuele De Vito, Antonino Del Popolo, Olivier Deligny, Nikolas Denner, Luca Deval, Armando di Matteo, Carola Dobrigkeit, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes, Qader Dorosti, Joao dos Anjos, Rita Cassia dos Anjos, Jan Ebr, Fiona H. Ellwanger, Ralph Engel, Italo Epicoco, Martin Erdmann, Alberto Etchegoyen, Carmelo Evoli, Heino Falcke, Glennys R. Farrar, Anderson Fauth, Tim Fehler, Fridtjof Feldbusch, Alexandra Fernandes, Mateo Fernandez, Brian Fick, Juan Manuel Figueira, Paul Filip, Andrej Filipcic, Thomas Fitoussi, Benjamin Flaggs, Tomáš Fodran, Antonio Franco, Milton Freitas, Toshihiro Fujii, Alan Fuster, Cristina Galea, Beatriz Garcia, Chloé Gaudu, Piera Luisa Ghia, Ugo GIACCARI, Fabian Gobbi, Fernando Gollan, Geraldina Golup, Mariano Gómez Berisso, Primo F. Gómez Vitale, Juan Pablo Gongora, Juan Manuel Gonzalez, Nicolas Martin Gonzalez, Dariusz Gora, Alessio Gorgi, Marvin Gottowik, Fausto Guarino, Germano Guedes, Lukas Gülzow, Petr Hamal, Matías Rolf Hampel, Patricia María Hansen, Violet M. Harvey, Andreas Haungs, Thomas Hebbeker, Carlos Hojvat, Jörg Hörandel, Pavel Horvath, Miroslav Hrabovsky, Tim Huege, Antonio Insolia, Paula Gina Isar, Mohamed Ismaiel, Petr Janecek, Vlastimil Jilek, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Bianca Keilhauer, Abha Khakurdikar, Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam, Hans Klages, Matthias Kleifges, Jelena Köhler, Frederik Krieger, Margita Kubátová, Norbert Kunka, Bruno L. Lago, Niklas Langner, Nicolas Leal, Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira, Yago Lema-Capeans, Antoine Letessier-Selvon, Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon, Luis LOPES, Jon Paul Lundquist, Manuela Mallamaci, Dusan Mandat, Paul Mantsch, Federico Maria Mariani, Analisa Gabriela Mariazzi, Ioana Codrina Maris, Giovanni Marsella, Daniele Martello, Sara Martinelli, Miguel A. Martins, Hermann-Josef Mathes, James Matthews, Giorgio Matthiae, Eric William Mayotte, Sonja Mayotte, Peter Mazur, Gustavo Medina-Tanco, Janning Meinert, Diego Melo, Alexander Menshikov, Carmen Merx, Stanislav Michal, Maria Isabel Micheletti, Lino Miramonti, Megha Mogarkar, Silvia Mollerach, François Montanet, Leonel Morejon, Katharine Mulrey, Roberto Mussa, Wilson M. Namasaka, Shefali Negi, Lukas Nellen, Khoa Nguyen, Gabriela Nicora, Marcus Niechciol, Dave Nitz, Dalibor Nosek, Alexander Novikov, Vladimír Novotný, Libor Nozka, Achille Nucita, Luis A. Nunez, José Ochoa, Cainã Oliveira, Leo Östman, Miroslav Palatka, Juan Pallotta, Shayoni Panja, Gonzalo Parente, Therese Paulsen, Jannis Pawlowsky, Miroslav Pech, Jan Pękala, Rodrigo Pelayo, Vincent Pelgrims, Luiz Augusto Pereira, Edyvania Emily Pereira Martins, Carmina Pérez Bertolli, Lorenzo Perrone, Sergio Petrera, Camilla Petrucci, Tanguy Pierog, Mário Pimenta, Manuel Platino, Bjarni Pont, Mohsen Pourmohammad Shahvar, Paolo Privitera, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, Michael Prouza, Krzysztof Pytel, Sven Querchfeld, Julian Rautenberg, Diego Ravignani, João Vitor Reginatto Akim, Alex Reuzki, Jan Ridky, Felix Riehn, Markus Risse, Vincenzo Rizi, Ezequiel Rodriguez, Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez, Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo, Simone Rossoni, Markus Roth, Esteban Roulet, Adrian Rovero, Alexandra Saftoiu, Mohit Saharan, Francesco Salamida, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, Gaetano Salina, Pranav Sampathkumar, Nicolas San Martin, Jose Sanabria Gomez, Federico Andrés Sánchez, Edivaldo Moura Santos, Eva Santos, Fred Sarazin, Raul Sarmento, Ricardo Sato, Pierpaolo Savina, Viviana Scherini, Harald Schieler, Martin Schimassek, Michael Schimp, David Schmidt, Olaf Scholten, Harm Schoorlemmer, Petr Schovanek, Frank G. Schröder, Josina Schulte, Tobias Schulz, Sergio J Sciutto, Marina Scornavacche, Adrian Sedoski, Alberto Segreto, Srijan Sehgal, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Guenter Sigl, Katarína Simkova, Frank Simon, Radomir Smida, Paul Sommers, Ruben Squartini, Maximilian Stadelmaier, Samo Stanič, Jaroslaw Stasielak, Patrick Stassi, Simon Strähnz, Maximilian Straub, Tiina Suomijarvi, A. Daniel Supanitsky, Zuzana Svozilikova, Karolina Syrokvas, Zbigniew Szadkowski, Fedor Tairli, Matteo Tambone, Alex Tapia, Carla Taricco, Charles Timmermans, Olena Tkachenko, Petr Tobiska, Carlos J. Todero Peixoto, Bernardo Tomé, Andres Travaini, Petr Travnicek, Matias Jorge Tueros, Michael Unger, Rukije Uzeiroska, Lukáš Vaclavek, Martin Vacula, Igor Vaiman, Jose F. Valdés Galicia, Laura Valore, Pim van Dillen, Enrique Varela, Veronica Vasickova, Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez, Darko Veberic, Indira D. Vergara Quispe, Stef Verpoest, Valerio Verzi, Jakub Vicha, Jacco Vink, Serguei Vorobiov, Jhansi Bhavani Vuta, Clara Keiko Oliveira Watanabe, Alan Watson, Andreas Weindl, Melanie Weitz, Lawrence Wiencke, Henryk Wilczyński, Brian Wundheiler, Baobiao Yue, Alexey Yushkov, Enrique Zas, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik
Institutions: Pierre Auger Observatory, LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, National Institute for Astrophysics, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Radboud University Nijmegen, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, University of Groningen, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica di Palermo, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, University of Catania, Lehman College, City University of New York, University of Leeds, University of Milan, University of Turin, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, University of L'Aquila, Louisiana State University, Colorado School of Mines, Pennsylvania State University, Colorado State University, Institut Universitaire de France, Osaka Metropolitan University, Ruhr University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Universidad de Granada, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, University of Naples Federico II, Politecnico di Milano, University of Salento, Case Western Reserve University, University of Łódź, University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, New York University, Michigan Technological University, University of Nova Gorica, Jožef Stefan Institute, University of Delaware, University of Chicago, University of Amsterdam, Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary, University of Palermo, University of Rome Tor Vergata
Language: English
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Funders: Strong, European Commission, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, Grantová Agentura České Republiky, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, Vlaamse regering, Ministerium für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Awards: G12500569, G1603472241, Pierre Auger Observatory, G2615304099, G2647246237, G2677629327, G2678520069, G295657101, G3295960771, G3486424601, G3622461675, G3810236772, Study of cosmic rays of highest energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory, G4131035492, G4276370106, G4344075577, G4396925471, G4507218474, G4529325604, G4820567559, G4866930200, G4892421264, G5145058842, G517294234, G545007060, G5615659713, G5641063287, G589433610, G6230683201, G6261681677, Pierre Auger Observatory - participation of the Czech Republic, Sorbonne Universités à Paris pour l'Enseignement et la Recherche, G6753605191, G7240651115, G7376787254, G7378882120, G7502932367, G7512206404, Mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from the Phase I data of the Pierre Auger Observatory, G8140083606, Study of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory upgrade AugerPrime, G884207649, G948983577
OpenAlex ID: W4414448785
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