Work

MOGAD: A Shifting Landscape—From Pathogenesis to Personalised Management, Global Perspectives and Latin American Insights

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) has emerged as a distinct autoimmune demyelinating disorder, characterised by clinical, radiological, and immunopathological features that differentiate it from Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and AQP4+ neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD). This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the evolving landscape of MOGAD, from its immunopathogenesis and diagnostic criteria to treatment strategies and global epidemiological insights. We explore the role of MOG-IgG antibodies in disease mechanisms, the utility of emerging biomarkers, and the prognostic value of tools like clinical scores or longitudinal MOG-IgG assessment. Special attention is given to regional disparities, with a focus on Latin America, highlighting diagnostic delays, access inequities, and unique clinical phenotypes. We also examine the limitations of current evidence, including gaps in long-term longitudinal follow-up and variability in diagnostic testing. Finally, we discuss global collaborative efforts and clinical trials that are shaping the future of personalised care in MOGAD. As the field advances, integrating biomarker-driven monitoring, equitable access to therapies, and regionally adapted guidelines will be essential to improving outcomes for patients worldwide.

Source: Biomedicines

DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13102344

Author: Ethel Ciampi

Institution: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Language: English

Topic: Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies

Subfield: Pathology and Forensic Medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137