Work

Cretaceous sea turtle soft tissues clarify ancestry of scale loss in chelonioids

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Scale loss is a quintessential hydrodynamic adaptation in marine reptiles, and paralleled the pelagic specializations of Mesozoic ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and metriorhynchid crocodylians, as well as the modern Leatherback Sea turtle (Dermochelyidae). By contrast, modern hard-shelled sea turtles (Cheloniidae) retain both scutes and scaly flippers, despite evolving from among partially scale-less antecedents after the earliest Eocene, ∼54 million years (Ma) ago. Here, we resolve the ambiguous ancestry of scale loss using the oldest known sea turtle (total-group Chelonioidea) soft tissues preserved in a mid-Cretaceous (middle-to-upper Cenomanian, ∼97 Ma) protostegid (basally divergent chelonioid) from Lebanon. This fossil combines scale-less flipper skin with a scuted carapace similar to other extinct chelonioids, but confirms lineage specific rather than ubiquitous scale loss in an ancestral states analysis. Scale-less skin is therefore an ancient sea turtle trait that was repeatedly modified from scaly ancestors within disparate chelonioid clades during their recurrent independent invasions of oceanic environments.

Source: iScience

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113641

Authors: Benjamin P. Kear, Roy Nohra, Johan Lindgren, Márton Rabi, Mohamad Bazzi

Institutions: Swedish Museum of Natural History, Lund University, University of Tübingen, Stanford University

Language: English

Topic: Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology

Subfield: Paleontology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,240

Funders: Vetenskapsrådet, Uppsala Universitet