On the General Solution of xn+1=axn+1−2kb+cxn+1−kxn+1−2k
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This paper investigates the global dynamics of a broad class of nonlinear rational difference equations given by xn+1=axn+1−2kb+cxn+1−kxn+1−2k,n=0,1,…, which generalizes several known models in the literature. We establish the existence of exactly three equilibrium points and show that the trivial equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when the parameter ratio α=(b/a) lies in (−1,1). The nontrivial equilibria are shown to be always unstable. An explicit general solution is derived, enabling a detailed analysis of solution behavior in terms of initial conditions and parameters. Furthermore, we identify and classify minimal period 2k and 4k solutions, providing necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of constant and periodic behaviors. These analytical results are supported by numerical simulations, confirming the theoretical predictions. The findings generalize and refine existing results by offering a unified framework for analyzing a wide class of rational difference equations.
Source: Mathematics
DOI: 10.3390/math13193104
Institutions: University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hashemite University
Language: English
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,137
OpenAlex ID: W4414591709