Work

Why do people feel anxious and worried? Development of the Japanese version of the Contrast Avoidance Questionnaire

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The contrast avoidance model has been proposed as a (maladaptive) emotion regulation strategy in generalized anxiety disorder, suggesting that chronic worry and anxiety play a role in maintaining a negative mood to prevent a drastic shift to negative emotions triggered by uncertain future events. This model ironically explains why individuals with generalized anxiety disorder experience persistent worry and anxiety. The Contrast Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ) was originally developed in English to assess individual differences in contrast avoidance. In this study, we developed a Japanese version of the CAQ and tested its reliability and validity. The CAQ includes two versions: one focusing on worry (CAQ-W) and the other on negative mood (CAQ-GE). Study 1 confirmed the structural validity and internal consistency of the Japanese version of the scale. Study 2 demonstrated sufficient test-retest reliability. Study 3 examined convergent and divergent validity, and the results generally replicated the original findings. We discussed transdiagnostic clinical applications and outlined directions for future research using the CAQ.

Source: The Japanese journal of psychology

DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.96.24227

Authors: Noboru Matsumoto, Hironobu Tsuto, Sandra J. Llera, Michelle G. Newman

Institutions: Shinshu University, Towson University, Pennsylvania State University

Language: English

Topic: Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology

Field: Psychology

Domain: Social Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: diamond

Funder: National Institute of Mental Health