Energy Intake and Dietary Glycemic Load in Late Morning and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between meal timing and type 2 diabetes risk in U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multicenter, community-based, prospective cohort study. This study included 8,868 HCHS/SOL adults without diabetes at baseline (2008-2011) and attending the visit 2 examination (2014-2017). Energy intake and glycemic load (GL) in each meal timing were assessed at baseline using two 24-h dietary recalls. Incident diabetes was identified through annual follow-up calls or at visit 2. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were estimated using Cox models, accounting for the complex survey design. RESULTS: The study population (50.9% female) had a baseline mean age of 39.0 (95% CI, 38.4-39.5) years. Over a median (range) follow-up of 5.8 (0.8-9.6) years, 1,262 incident diabetes cases were documented. Greater energy intake and GL in late morning (9:00-11:59 a.m.) were associated with a lower diabetes risk, whereas greater energy intake and GL in other meal timings were not. After accounting for diet quantity and quality, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and chronic conditions, the HRs were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.97) per 100-kcal energy intake increment and 0.93 (0.89-0.97) per 10-unit GL increment in late morning. Replacing energy intake or GL from early morning (6:00-8:59 a.m.), afternoon (12:00-5:59 p.m.), or evening (6:00-11:59 p.m.) with late-morning equivalents was associated with a comparably lower diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified late morning as a favorable meal timing in Hispanic/Latino adults, providing a novel perspective on type 2 diabetes prevention that warrants confirmation.

Source: Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

DOI: 10.17615/09ye-hg33

Authors: Alver, Sarah, Daviglus, Martha L, Nianogo, Roch, Dai, Jin, Sotres-Alvarez, Daniela, Qi, Qibin, Moin, Tannaz, Wong, Nathan D, Chen, Liwei, Cordero, Christina, McClain, Amanda C

Institution: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Language: English

Topic: Nutritional Studies and Diet

Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: green

Funders: Office of Dietary Supplements, University of Miami, Northwestern University, San Diego State University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois at Chicago, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities

OpenAlex ID: W4414634830