Umbilical Aesthetics in Kenya: A Survey of Shape, Position, and Gender Preferences
Year: 2025
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Background: Although the golden ratio (1.62) is frequently proposed for ideal umbilical positioning, aesthetic judgments vary across cultures and individual preferences. This survey examined shape and ratio preferences among Kenyan adults, exploring whether local norms (1.69) or the golden ratio (1.62) better match subjective ideals. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey with 440 participants recruited from a Kenyan referral hospital. Five umbilical shapes (oval, vertical, T-shaped, horizontal, and distorted/protruded) were digitally positioned at 1.62 or 1.69. Respondents selected their preferred position, identified most/least attractive shapes, and indicated separate choices for masculine versus feminine figures. Statistical analyses were done using χ² tests and logistic regressions. Results: The gender distribution was balanced, with 48.9% men and 51.1% women. Overall, 55% favored 1.62 for oval, vertical, T-shaped, and horizontal shapes, whereas distorted was often chosen at 1.69 (52.5%). The vertical shape was ranked the most attractive overall (39.8%), especially for feminine figures (55.9%). Men showed significantly greater preference than women for distorted shapes (odds ratio = 2.89; P = 0.010). Oval and T-shaped were equally popular for masculine figures (29.1% each). Conclusions: Kenyan preferences lean toward the classic golden ratio in certain shapes, but not universally. Distorted navels garnered significant support at the local 1.69 ratio, underscoring that patient desires do not strictly align with a single numeric standard. This preference-based study complements morphometric data from a companion article, highlighting the interplay between objective norms and subjective ideals in Kenyan abdominal aesthetics.
Institutions: University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital
Language: English
Topic: Body Contouring and Surgery
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,195
OpenAlex ID: W4414753077