Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Metal-based nanomaterials continue to be extensively studied, as they are regarded as the foundation of significant technological advancements due to their promising properties. However, despite these advantages, their broad adoption remains constrained by the high costs associated with the synthetic methods commonly reported in the literature. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated approach, which combines activity-based costing, total cost of ownership, and green metrics (including percentage yield, stoichiometric factor, atom economy, and reaction mass efficiency). Using three illustrative case studies (TiO 2, Al 2 O 3, CeO 2 ) it was shown that if the synthesis processes were considered cost alone, the TiO 2 resulted in the lowest total synthesis cost. Green metrics evaluation further reinforce the sustainability of TiO 2 . A comparative assessment of green metrics for TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 revealed that while TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 exhibit comparable atom economies (TiO 2: 19.37%; Al 2 O 3: 19.40%), TiO 2 achieves a higher percentage yield (97 vs 95%) and significantly outperforms Al 2 O 3 in terms of stoichiometric factor (8.51 vs 25.77), indicating more efficient use of reactants and reduced chemical waste. Additionally, TiO 2 shows a marginally higher Kernel’s Reaction Mass Efficiency (18.79 vs 18.43%). The findings indicate that low cost and efficiency are closely interconnected concerns in synthetic routes.
Authors: Despina A. Gkika, George Z. Kyzas
Institution: Democritus University of Thrace
Language: English
Subfield: Environmental Chemistry
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $4,500
OpenAlex ID: W4414915775