Data-driven nanomechanical study of filled fluoroelastomer aged in air and hydrogen atmosphere
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: • AFM force spectroscopy gives insights into aging mechanisms of filled fluoroelastomer under high temperature, high pressure conditions (HPHT). • Filler particles, interphase, and matrix are resolved, and effects of aging investigated separately. • Physical aging of the interphase and chemical aging of the matrix are distinguished. • The use of machine learning tools on a large set of AFM force spectroscopy data successfully confirms and quantifies findings. • The dominant aging mechanism of fluoroelastomer in HPHT hydrogen atmosphere is established as gas induced physical aging. Fluoroelastomer (FKM) composites are typically used as sealing materials in challenging non-ambient environments. Depending on the environment, two main aging mechanisms, chemical aging, and physical aging, can be identified. Chemical aging, the degradation of the elastomer, is present for example in thermal-oxidative conditions and can be directly observed as it affects the bulk. Physical aging, relaxation and rearrangement of the elastomers segmental conformation is commonly observed at elevated temperatures and effects predominantly the elastomer interphase. As a highly localized nanoscopic effect it is usually observed indirectly by phenomological approaches and not systematically understood. In this study, as a typical example for chemical aging, filled FKM was aged in air (150°C, 100 days). Physical aging of FKM was realized by exposure to chemically inert H 2 (150°C, 50 bar, 100 days), since temperature and gas-induced swelling is known to promote physical aging. The effects of both conditions are directly compared with the initial unaged material. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy as a method to resolve nanoscopic heterogeneous FKM. With this method the effect of aging on the spatially distinguishable material phases was directly observed. In thermal oxidative aged FKM the matrix shows a decrease in van der Waals interactions and stiffness, indicating dehydrofluorination and chain scission. In H 2 aged FKM, the development of an immobilized amorphous interphase (IAP) was observed, indicating physical aging. By additionally evaluating a larger data set with supervised machine learning, these observations were validated for a larger, statistically representative sample area, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the macroscopic behaviour of the material.
Language: English
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $4,190
OpenAlex ID: W4415033001