Characterization of focal leptomeningeal extension in patients with brain metastases: A novel entity
Year: 2025
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Classical leptomeningeal disease (cLMD) impacts the entire craniospinal axis, but isolated parenchymal metastases sometimes display focal leptomeningeal extension (fLME) without diffuse LMD elsewhere. We assessed whether patients with fLME can be managed with stereotactic radiation (SRS/SRT) as opposed to whole brain/craniospinal radiation without excess development of marginal recurrences or subsequent cLMD. METHODS: We identified 796 patients with 2,354 newly-diagnosed brain metastases (BrM) without cLMD at diagnosis managed at a tertiary center between 2007 and 2022. Each metastasis was assessed for fLME, defined as isolated leptomeningeal extension of an intact BrM without cytologic or radiographic evidence of cLMD. Multivariable Fine and Gray's models were constructed for the primary outcomes of local recurrence and cLMD development. RESULTS: Among 796 patients, 138 (17.3%) displayed evidence of fLME, corresponding to 185 of 2,354 (7.9%) BrM. Patients with versus without fLME did not display excess local recurrences (1-year rate: 4.5% vs. 8.2%, respectively, P = .14; multivariable HR 0.56 [95% CI 0.30-1.07], P = .08), including in lesions managed with SRS/SRT (1-year rate: 4.4% vs. 4.9%, respectively; P = .63; multivariable HR 1.21 [95% CI 0.58-2.50], P = .61). The presence of fLME was not a significant predictor of subsequent cLMD (1-year rate: 5.2% vs. 5.2%, P = .99; multivariable HR 0.87 [95% CI 0.44-1.71], P = .68), including following treatment with SRS/SRT (1-year rate: 6.2% vs. 4.1%, P = .83; multivariable HR 0.92 [95% CI 0.36-2.39], P = .87). CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel entity, fLME, which displays patterns of intracranial failure similar to parenchymal BrM. Stereotactic approaches may be viable in this population.
Source: Neuro-Oncology
Language: English
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W4415066263