Work

Comparison of Worth Four Dots (W4D) and Bagolini Striated Lenses in adult suppression detection

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Suppression is an adaptive response in which visual information from one eye is inhibited to prevent visual conflict. This phenomenon is commonly observed in individuals with strabismus, anisometropia, or amblyopia. Clinically detecting suppression is essential for assessing binocular vision and conducting visual training. The Worth Four Dots (W4D) and Bagolini Striated Lenses (BAG) are widely used tools. However, empirical comparisons of their screening performance in large-scale clinical settings remain limited. METHODS: This single-center, prospective, cross-sectional study recruited participants aged ≥ 18 at the Yuan Dong Optometry Clinic in Chiayi, Taiwan. All participants underwent distance suppression measurements using the W4D and BAG following subjective refraction. The W4D was consistently conducted prior to the BAG. The agreement between the two tests was analyzed using cross-tabulation, Cohen’s kappa coefficient, and McNemar’s test. RESULTS: A total of 2280 participants were included in this study. The W4D identified suppression in 35 participants, while the BAG identified 26 participants. Among these, 22 participants were positive on both tests; 13 were positive only on the W4D, and 4 were positive only on the BAG. Cohen’s kappa coefficient was 0.72, indicating a good level of agreement between the two tests. However, McNemar’s test revealed a significant difference between the two tests (p = 0.049), with the W4D detecting more positive participants. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a significant difference in suppression detection between the W4D and BAG. In the absence of a gold standard, the W4D is recommended as a first-line screening tool due to its higher detection rate. Further confirmatory testing should be conducted when suppression is indicated.

Source: BMC Ophthalmology

DOI: 10.1186/s12886-025-04416-x

Authors: Chieh-Yueh Lin, Guan-Cheng Lin, Kun-Shiang Chen, Li-Te Yin

Institution: Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology

Language: English

Topic: Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies

Subfield: Epidemiology

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,990