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Interference-Free Measurement of Urinary Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Activity: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring Implications

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme (uACE) activity has long been regarded as a promising biomarker for kidney and cardiovascular diseases; however, its clinical applicability has been limited by the presence of endogenous urinary inhibitors and technically demanding assay protocols. We aimed to establish a fast and reproducible method for measuring uACE activity to identify the inhibitory compounds responsible for previous assay failures and to define practical preanalytical conditions suitable for routine laboratory implementation. Methods: A fluorescence-based kinetic assay was optimized for urine samples. Endogenous inhibitors were isolated by membrane filtration and chemically characterized, while the effect of sample dilution was evaluated as a simplified alternative for eliminating inhibitory interference. We assessed the stability of ACE activity under various storage conditions to support reliable measurement. Results: Urea (IC50 = 1.18 M), uric acid (IC50 = 3.61 × 10−3 M), and urobilinogen (IC50 = 2.98 × 10−4 M) were identified as the principal reversible inhibitors, jointly accounting for up to 90% suppression of uACE activity. Their inhibitory effect was effectively eliminated by a 128-fold dilution. ACE activity remained stable for 24 h at 25 °C but was completely lost after freezing. A strong positive correlation between uACE activity and creatinine concentration (r = 0.76, p < 0.0001) justified normalization. ACE activity-to-creatinine ratio turned out to be significantly lower in ACE inhibitor-treated patients than in untreated controls (6.49 vs. 36.69 U/mol, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that accurate measurement of uACE activity is feasible using a rapid dilution-based protocol. The normalized ACE activity can serve as a practical biomarker for detecting pharmacological ACE inhibition and monitoring therapy adherence in cardiovascular care and may also provide insight into renal pathophysiology such as tubular injury or local RAAS-related processes.

Source: Biomedicines

DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13102528