Human Milk Macronutrient and Energy Contents Are Associated with Maternal and Infant Factors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the Japanese Human Milk Study Cohort
Year: 2025
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Background: Human milk (HM) macronutrients are vital for infant growth and development; their composition may vary according to maternal and infant characteristics and differ across populations. However, the wide range of maternal and infant factors affecting HM macronutrient content among Japanese mothers has not been sufficiently evaluated. Objectives: We comprehensively examined the factors associated with the macronutrient content of mature HM in a cross-sectional analysis of a large Japanese cohort. Methods: = 1071). Macronutrient and energy contents were assessed in mature HM samples collected at an average of 2 mo postpartum. Maternal and infant factors were obtained via self-reported questionnaires. Linear regression analyses were performed to identify associations between these factors and HM macronutrient and energy contents. Results: < 0.001). Crude protein and energy contents showed patterns similar to those of true protein and fat, respectively. Conclusions: For Japanese mothers, the macronutrient and energy contents of mature HM were associated with exclusive breastfeeding, maternal overweight or obesity, infant birth weight, and days postpartum.This trial was registered at https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/icdr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000017649 as UMIN000015494.
Institution: Akita University
Language: English
Topic: Infant Nutrition and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $5,000
Funders: Megmilk Snow Brand, Bean Stalk Snow
OpenAlex ID: W4415320416