Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Hydroquinone (1,4-dihydroxybenzene) is a chemical substance with widespread uses in cosmetics, industry, and medicine as a skin-lightening agent and antioxidant. In this article, the chemical nature of hydroquinone, metabolic transformations involved, and toxicological significance, with emphasis on its renal impact, have been addressed. Even though hydroquinone is anti-hyperpigmentary and anti-melasma, it has significant risks due to its ability to cause oxidative stress, nephrotoxicity, and systemic toxicity after prolonged exposure. The medication is metabolized into reactive metabolites with the ability to damage renal tissues and disrupt cellular redox homeostasis. Chronic exposure, especially via unregulated cosmetics, increases the likelihood of adverse health effects like kidney damage, exogenous ochronosis, and carcinogenicity. Hydroquinone product prevalence in locales of elevated skin lightening demand fueled by sociocultural constructions of beauty underscores the need for greater regulatory oversight and education. This article emphasizes the importance of cosmetovigilance as a public health approach and endorses global regulatory measures to minimize the risks in the application of hydroquinone while ensuring consumer safety.
Language: English
Subfield: Cell Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W4415517405